![]() ![]() For example, Metzger and colleagues (2021) explored how racial socialisation principles may be integrated into Trauma-Focused CBT while Williams and colleagues (2014) have considered cultural adaptations in the context of prolonged exposure therapy. ![]() Other researchers have considered the need for cultural adaptations to approaches to treatment for PTSD. They found that people from minoritised ethnic groups (including Hispanic, Black and Asian) were less likely to receive treatment for PTSD, despite being disproportionally affected by trauma. The work of Roberts and colleagues (2021) presents striking evidence of racial disparity in treatment and risk of developing PTSD. Our second theme explores the relationship between PTSD, race and cultural adaptation. This section ends with a meta-analysis by Pieterse and colleagues (2012) based on a sample of over 18,000 Black American adults, which provides compelling evidence demonstrating a link between perceived racism and mental health. In 2013, Cooper and colleagues explored whether the impact of racial discrimination varied by gender, finding that there may be important gender differences in what factors promote positive psychosocial outcomes. Such findings were found to be even more salient in the context of juvenile delinquency (Kang et al., 2014). In another study in the same year Andrews and colleagues found that adolescents from minoritised groups, including those who were Black and Hispanic, tended to experience higher rates of trauma-related mental health difficulties, alongside higher levels of victimisation. They report an association between parental experiences of racial discrimination not only on their own mental health but that of their children. The work of Anderson and colleagues (2015), for example, suggest that this may in part be mediated through the impact of racial discrimination on parents. These studies provide compelling evidence that racism and racial discrimination in particular can significantly impact mental health. The first theme introduces us to research on the impact of racial trauma and discrimination on mental health. Race and the client-therapist relationship.Impact of racial trauma and discrimination on mental health.We have intentionally cast our net wider than trauma per se in order to capture several important aspects of mental health that are equally relevant to issues around trauma. We have been selective in scoping literature for inclusion in this Research Roundup by prioritising studies that have focused on children and young people published between 2011-2021. In this way, it arguably shares some features with complex trauma. ![]() Racial trauma is characterized as involving ongoing exposure over time to experiences of stress or injury both direct and vicarious and is typically interpersonal in nature. As with all forms of oppression, such experiences often arise within an intersectional context, where different group memberships – including gender, sexual orientation and social class – can intersect in ways that amplify the adverse impact of discrimination. These include threats or actual events that can elicit shame as well as witnessing harm to others. Racial trauma, or race based stress, has been defined as “… the events of danger related to real or perceived experience of racial discrimination”. Research is one part of a wider effort that is needed to better understand the ways that racism can impact mental health and mental health care, and ultimately inform how we could improve the accessibility and efficacy of services to better meet the needs of racially minoritised children and young people. This remains a relatively small but growing field of scholarship that seeks to shed light on how experiences of interpersonal and structural racism can in themselves represent forms of trauma, as well as act in ways which negatively affect access to, and experience of, treatment and support. In this special issue, we focus on what we are learning from research on racism and trauma as well as mental health more broadly. Research has demonstrated that racism affects multiple domains of development – ranging from educational outcomes to mental health. Young people in the UK are growing up in a context where racism continues to profoundly – and adversely – impact their development. ![]()
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